Egypt

The name "Egypt" would be derived from the name of an early king of Egypt who was called "Aegyptus" in the Greek myths, and was descended from Atlantean royalty. (Source: "The Atlantis Encyclopaedia" (2005), by Frank Joseph.) The ancient Egyptians would have called their land: "Kmt" (pronounced as: Kemit or Kemet) which translates to "black". It is often believed to be referring to the fertile "black land" or the land of the black soil, as the other part of Egypt was know as the "red land"; the barren desert. It could also refer to the population of the black people who would have lived here originally, as the Atlanteans - who migrated to this place in later times - were the red people.

While there are numerous pyramids to be found in Egypt, the ones which particulary stand out in architectural achievement are to be found at the Giza Plateau. The ancient Egyptians called the Giza Plateau by a name which is pronounced as: "Rostau" (Rosetau / Rosetjau).The largest one is called the "Great Pyramid of Giza", the only one of the "Seven Wonders of the Ancient World" which still exists today. Its size consists of more then 6 hectares, exists of an estimated 2.3 million blocks, and is one solid mass of stone with corridors leading to different rooms.

According to the ancient Greek historian Herodotus the Egyptians did built this pyramid in twenty years. However, if that is true, they had to place one block in five minutes for twenty years without any interruptions, and installing approximately 800 tons of stone every day. This pyramid is slightly sloped inward towards the centre of each course, which is only really noticeable from above.

The Great Pyramid is located in the centre of the land mass of the Earth, at both longest longitude and longest latitude. It is orientated at almost exact north, south, east and west, only removed a mere three minutes from true north. Biblical archaeologist E. Raymond Capt asserts this is primary due to subsidence. (The best attempt of modern man is the Observatory in Paris, which is removed six minutes of a degree.) Many architects and engineers who studied the structure of the Great Pyramid assert that we could not duplicate the structure with our modern technology.

Remaining casing stones at the bottom of the pyramid of Menkaure

Casing stones at the top of the pyramid of Khafra

The pyramids originally had been fully coated with smooth casing stones of highly polished lime stone. It is said there where originally 144,000 casing stones on the Great Pyramid. Most of these stones where removed in later times for use in the building of modern temples, mosques and general building construction. We know this because a number of these casing stones are still in place at the top of the Pyramid of Khaefre and the bottom stone layers of the Pyramid of Menkaure. The Great Pyramid has none left however, and besides that, it's top is missing, suggesting this was also made of some valuable material which had been removed in the past. (Image on the right: Representation of how the Great Pyramid would have looked like with casing stones and a pyramidion.)

The Khufu Cartouche?

Above the roof of the so-called "King's Chamber", which is formed of nine slabs of stone weighing in total about 400 tons, are five compartments known as the "relieving chambers". In one of these chambers called: "Campbell's Chamber", there are supposed mason marks and a cartouche (seen on the image below right) on the southern roof blocks that is believed to be depicting the name of what many Egyptologists believe was the builder of the Great Pyramid, namely the pharaoh Khufu, known by the Greeks as Cheops, who would have ruled during Egypt's 4th dynasty (from 2,589 to 2,566 BC).

According to the ancient Arabian legends, the Great Pyramid was build by the Biblical Saurid (also known as Thoth/Hermes Trismegistus/Idris/Khitat) before the Great Flood to preserve all gathered knowledge of mankind within it. Mainstream Egyptologists however, are convinced that Khufu would have let build the pyramid as his own tomb; But this is questionable however, as there is no direct evidence for this and was not recorded in any ancient Egyptian texts. Khufu is sometimes regarded as a megalomaniac for the reason that he would have built the pyramid as his tomb, but until now there had only one image been found of this pharao which is a tiny 2 inch statue, while other rulers from other dynasties made colossal statues for themselves. Still, many Egyptologists see this cartouche as undisputable proof that Khufu was the builder. It is believed that on the cartouche is written: "the companions of Khufu"; Which could possibly refer to the labourers who were cutting and/or transporting the stones during the construction of the pyramid. Khufu's sons Khafre and Menkaure would have build the other remaining great pyramids at the Giza plateau, and another son called Djefedre would have build another pyramid in the place Abu Rawash, whereof today only remained its ruins.

It is however not so obvious that the pharao Khufu was the builder of the Great Pyramid and that the pyramid served as his tomb. Although there is a large stone box in the King's Chamber that looks like a stone sarcophagus, it doesn't seem that the pharao was placed here because this chamber looks very sober and without doubt very unworthy for the great pharao. Even if all valuable artefacts had here been robbed before, in comparison to other royal graves where rich decorations and accompanying texts had been drawn on the walls, we only see empty, undecorated walls within the King's Chamber. Also, the body of Khufu had never been found.

There are theories that the body was robbed from the King's Chamber or that there would be another secret room within the pyramid where the mummy of the pharaoh would still be there. Certain Arabian historians think that the presence of sea shells at the base of the pyramid may indicate that this pyramid could have been built before a great flood (end of the last ice age some 12,000 years ago), long before the reign of the pharaoh Khufu. If this would be true than Khufu and his sons only inherited and expanded the pyramid complex.

Another cartouche on the south wall of "Lady Arbuthnot's Chamber" had been found spelling the name: "Khnum-Khuf", which is nowadays believed by many to be Khufu's real name, meaning: "the god Khnum protects me." If one finds a name in a building that wouldn't not have to mean that this has to be the name of the one who had built it; However, these two cartouches are still to this day regarded as the only real "evidence" that would prove Khufu was the builder of the Great Pyramid.

The cartouche in Champbell's Chamber had been discovered by Howard Vyse in the year 1837. However, shortly after the discovery people already suspected that it was Vyse himself who painted this cartouche on this highly unusual place. One person of his staff noticed that the paint of the cartouche was still wet. The reason for this forgery would be that Vyse would have found nothing of interest in the relief chambers and that he faked the cartouche in order to extent his budget for further research that otherwise would have been suspended; His specific task would have been to find the evidence for what was already thought of before: that the pharaoh Khufu would have been the builder of the Great Pyramid.

After a thorough research in 1980, Zecharia Sitchin became convinced that the cartouche was a forgery. (See his book: "Stairway to Heaven".) It seems that the name of Khufu on the cartouche initially had been spelled wrong and seemed to be corrected afterwards. It is suspicious that this specific writing error also occurred in the only source material about hieroglyphs that where available to Vyse in 1837, and the kind of red ochre paint, which had been used for the cartouche, was still in use in 1837. While there are also unforgable quarry marks positioned behind the blocks - which are only visible through cracks in certain stones - the cartouche with the assumed name of Khufu however is in plain view and could easily have been tampered with by Vyse. There can be no conclusive evidence though whether the cartouche is real or a forgery unless researchers date the ochre paint of these symbols, but at the time of writing this has not ever been allowed. (More: www.rickrichards.com, and here: www.eridu.co.uk)

The Pyramid Shafts

In both the "Queen's Chamber" and the "King's Chamber", there are two narrow shafts in the northern and southern walls. (For the record: There is no tradition of any queen of Egypt ever being entombed in the pyramid of her husband.) The shafts of the Queen's chamber were initially sealed and were discovered later by engineer John Waynman Dixon in 1872, due to a draft that was felt in this place. Within these shafts there also had been found a small granite ball, a piece of cedar wood and a bronze hook, which are today called Dixon's relics. The purpose of these objects and why these were here still remains a mystery, although the wood fragment is considered to be part of a measuring rod. (Image on the right: The Queen's Chamber, with the small southern passage (shaft) shown on the right-hand side.)

Dixon's relics

Sketch of Dixon's relics including the piece of wood

It not fully clear what the purpose of these shafts was. They appear to be aligned to stars or areas of the northern and southern skies. It was probably not meant to directly sight stars through them because the northern shaft follows a dog-leg course, unless there would ever had been placed some kind of reflecting mirrors at the bents, but such things were never found. These shafts are often explained as a doorway to the stars for the soul of the deceased pharaoh.

The northern shaft in the Kings Chamber is actually aligned to the North Star (a term used for the northernmost visible star.) Today this star is Polaris, appearing at the spring equinox, but in ancient Egyptian times this was the star Thuban, from the constellation of Draco. The southern shaft pointed towards the belt of Orion, which was associated with the god Osiris by the ancient Egyptians. In the Queen's chamber the northern shaft pointed towards the little dipper, while the southern shaft pointed towards the star Sirius, which was associated with the goddes Isis.

In the year 1993, German engineer Rudolf Gantenbrink did sent a small, self-made riding robot (Upuaut II) equipped with a camera, deep into the southern shaft of the Queen's Chamber. Far into the shaft he saw that it was blocked by a limestone "door" with two copper pins that looked a bit like handles, which is now being called "Gantenbrink's Door". The material and appearance of these handles is consistent with the the hook found by Waynman Dixon, as if the hook somehow could have been used to interact with the handles. The robot could not come close to the door because of jammed iron rods, assumably from earlier explorers.

Gantenbrink's Door in 1993

Gantenbrink's Door in 2002

In 2002 the robot of the National Geographic Society (Pyramid Rover) overcame these obstacles by clamping itself to the sides of the wall by which they could ride above the obstacles. Then it was live broadcasted on television when they drilled a hole in this door and stuck the camera into it to see that could be behind it. What the whole world had witnessed next was merely an empty space with a crude wall. (See the image right. Click here for a larger image.) The next day they also explored the northern shaft, were sharp turns had to be made which Gantenbrink's robot could not do. Deep into this shaft there was also discovered a second "door" like in the northern shaft, also with two copper pins. (Photos are copyrighted by National Geographic Television and Film.)

In 2011, the later Djedi project (according to a story from the the Westcar Papyrus, Djedi was a magician-priest who was consulted by Khufu) used a robot with a small snake-like camera that could effortlessly pass through the hole in the door of the southern shaft, to explore the corners of this room, which couldn't have been done with the earlier robot. Here they discovered red painted hieroglyphs. (Seen at the image left. Click here for a larger image.)

Luca Maitello, an Italian researcher who specializes in ancient Egyptian mathematics, suggested that these looked much like the hieroglyphs for ancient Egyptian numbers; Namely the numbers 100, 20 and 1, what in ancient Egyptian together stands for the number 121. The number 121 is the square root of the number 11 (11x11), and the number 11 reappears many times within the geometric proportions of this pyramid. First, the Great Pyramid is build in the ratio of 7 to 11. The pyramid is designed at the basis of ratio numbers were 11 is the mayor number, and 11 is a prime number. Possibly, this number may simply indicate where, according to the building plan, the stone block had to be placed during the building of the pyramid, as if one would put a number on all the pieces of a puzzle in order to put it together effortlessly.

Illegal Samples

Further there had been made a remarkable discovery related to the King's Chamber and the relief chambers. Under the supervision of inspectors from the Egyptian Ministry of Antiquities, German experimental archaeologist, vegetation geographer, writer and teacher Dominique Görlitz (PhD) and Stefan Erdmann took a few milligrams of ancient paint from an inscription within Campbell's Chamber within the relief chambers (not from the Khufu cartouche) as well some small amount of scratching of the "black stains" from the 18 granite beams on the ceiling of the King's Chamber. (See the image below right.)

This became known to the public because of a Youtube trailer that had been put on the internet for a TV documentary they intended to produce. Documentary producer Frank Hofer however wrongly stated in the trailer that they did take the samples from the Khufu cartouche.When the Egyptian authorities took note of this trailer, Görlitz and Erdmann were accused by the former Minister of Antiquity of "stealing" or vandalizing the Khufu cartouche, which got international news attention in December 2013. Thanks to the help of author and investigator Robert Bauval and Professor Robert Schoch they could prove with photographic evidence that they didn't took samples of this specific cartouche as earlier photos clearly showed that this cartouche was already damaged between 2004 and 2006. Although they in fact got a private permit to investigate the Great Pyramid, they had not asked permission to take these samples and therefore they only got away with a minor penalty as compensation to the Egyptian authorities.

When the samples were scientifically tested in Germany, the scrapings from the black stains revealed that these were in fact magnetite traces, which means that here iron objects were placed against these beams as the product of corrosion shows. Possibly these iron objects were part of a tool by which these beams were brought into position, as they doesn't seem to have any obvious use on the ceiling and there are also no traces that show that they once would have been pinned into the stone. It strongly contradicts the official statements of the scholars that the builders of the Great Pyramid neither knew how to produce iron nor how to use it. This was not the first time that there had been discovered iron within the Great Pyramid, as there also had been found a metallic plate in 1883 that appeared to be iron after it had been investigated in 1989. This new discovery however is very important as it is suggestive of the usage of advanced iron equipment during the construction of the pyramid as it was previously thought they only could have used very primitive tools. (Source and image credit: atlantisforschung.de)

The Egyptian antiquities ministry placed a ban on any archaeological cooperation with Dresden University, which reportedly supported the work of the German archaeologists, as well as the scientific laboratory where the samples were analyzed. Unfortunately, the findings of both archaeologists have been rejected by the ministry, which claims that the expedition was conducted by amateurs, not expert archaeologists. (Source: Al Ahram.)

The Mysterious "Robbers' Tunnel"

According to the Greek geographer Strabo (24 BC), there originally was no visible entrance into the Great Pyramid; There would have been a (hinged) stone door which could be opened (raised) to get into the pyramid but was indistinguishable from the surrounding masonry when closed. The present day entrance, which is situated below the (supposed) original entrance, is generally believed to be forced through by the Arabs under the Calif Al-Mamun around 820 AD, and therefore called: "Al-Mamun's breach'.

However, the tunnel (now called the "Robbers' Tunnel") had been dug directly and in one go to the Ascending Passage, effectively bypassing the large granite plug blocks. (See image below.) This makes it clear that, whoever dug the tunnel, had to be very familiar with the Great Pyramids' interior. Al-Mamun's men apparently were not, because they were actually credited as the first (so far we know) to discover the interior of the Great Pyramid again after a long time. Perhaps the entrance was more or less sealed in the past and later reopened again by Al-Mamun's men, that could be the case, but it seems that the tunnel was not dug by them.

Image credit: Egyptologist Mark Lehner

Then who else could have made the tunnel to the Ascending Passage? Zecharia Sitchin's book: "The Wars of Gods and Men (1992)" could have the answer as there is the mention of the construction of artificial mounds which could refer to the pyramids (of Egypt). In chapter 10: "The Prisoner in the Pyramid", Marduk was imprisoned alive inside E.KUR (Great Pyramid), leaving him in the King's Chamber. Then the granite plugs in the Ascending Passage were placed to block the passage at the bottom, effectively trapping him inside the pyramid. Ningishzidda (Thoth), the creator of the Great Pyramid, heard of this and found a quick and efficient way to free him by digging a tunnel. From the book:

"…Still familiar with the pyramid’s inner layout, the Anunnaki realized that the shortest and quickest way to reach the starved Marduk was to tunnel the connecting shaft between the existing segment "B" and "D" – a tunnelling of a mere thirty-two feet through the relatively soft limestone blocks; it was a task that could be achieved not in days but in hours."

"The record of Marduk’s entombment, alive, within the Great Pyramid has been preserved on clay tablets found in the ruins of Ashur and Nineveh, the ancient Assyrian capitals. The Ashur text suggests that it had served as a script for a New Year’s mystery play in Babylon that re-enacted the god’s suffering and reprieve. But neither the Babylonian version, nor the Sumerian historical text on which the script was based, have so far been found."

Because the pyramid is heavily damaged at the location of the original entrance, it may be that there had been the attempt to force through the original entrance first, before breaking through the stone below.

Big Void Detected Within the Great Pyramid

Starting in October 2015, the Japanse and French scientist of the ScanPyramids team (http://www.scanpyramids.org) began to scan the Great Pyramid with a non-invasive technique called muography (see Wikipedia), which makes use of the shower of high-energy particles that naturally rain down on the Earth's surface from space. With muography density changes can be sensed inside large rock structures and had been used before to probe the interiors of phenomena as diverse as volcanoes and glaciers, and had also been used to investigate the failed nuclear reactors at Fukushima.

One year later in October 2016, they announced their discovery of the detection of a cavity at the north face corridor of the Great Pyramid they named: "ScanPyramids North Face Corridor" (SP-NFC), situated above the Descending Passage and above what would have been the original entrance.

Image from the ScanPyramid presentation (Slightly edited)

Another big discovery was announced during late 2017. They had detected another anomaly which appeared to indicate a very large void above the pyramids' Grand Gallery, named: "ScanPyramids Big Void" (SP-BV, see image above). It seems to be a very large chamber or perhaps another gallery, as the void is multiple meters high, one to two meters wide, and 30 to perhaps 50 meters long. It is still unknown whether the ''chamber'' is standing horizontal as it could also have been built diagonal, like the Grand Gallery. The exact height of the location is also unknown as it could be situated much lower and closer to the Grand Gallery, compared to what is depicted in the image above. To further investigate the big void, the team is considering the concept of drilling a very small hole (3 cm) where a small flying robot could fit through, but the Egyptian authorities would have to approve it first. (Source: BBC News.)

The ScanPyramids team said that they would also have done some more minor discoveries within the Great Pyramid, but would announce them only when they are almost certain about their findings. A detailled 3D presentation about the findings of the ScanPyramid team can be found here on Youtube.

The Great Sphinx

The Great Sphinx of Giza had been carved out of one single huge block of limestone, except for the paws which constists of a number of smaller stone blocks. These smaller stone blocks could be the restoration work of the Romans. The Sphinx is about 200 feet long, 70 feet high, and 38 feet wide across the shoulders. It depicts a lion with a human head. To this day no one can say with absolute certainty in whose face the Sphinx had been carved. It could be the face of a ruler or the pharaoh who ruled at that time. It is often believed that it represents the pharaoh Khahfre, but certain experts say that the facial features more closely match those of Djedefre. The head could have been recarved at one point in time - and possibly more than once - because the head is quite small in proportion to the rest of the body. In 2004, evidence was found by the French Egytplogist Vassil Dobrev, that Djedefre would have been responsible for the carving of the Sphinx at Giza in the image of his father Khufu. It has even been suggested that the head originally could have been the head of a lion. The Sphinx was painted red for much of its documented history.

The Great Sphinx of Giza

The Sphinx is commonly believed by Egyptologists to have been built by ancient Egyptians of the Old Kingdom in the reign of the pharaoh Khafre (ca. 2558-2532 BC). However, American Egyptologist John Anthony West found solid evidence that the Sphinx endured water erosion, which is especially visible on the walls of its enclosure. This discovery had been confirmed by geologist and writer Robert M. Schoch. According to computer models there were no long heavy rainfalls in Egypt except in the time prior to at least 7,000 BC, which means that the Sphinx is much older than considered by current mainstream Egyptologist. For mainstream Egyptologists, the patterns of erosion are merely due to the effect of wind erosion; Although this is correct for the horizontal layered erosion, wind erosion actually does not form very smooth diagonal slopes like water erosion does. Another possibility is the influence of a large flood at the end of the last ice age, around 10,000 years ago.

Psychic Intuitives about Egypt

Trance medium Daan Akkerman asserted in his book "Lanto 1: Atlantis" that the pyramids in Egypt would have been built by the heirs of the civilizations of Atlantis, when levitation, materialization and de-materialization were common practice. The Sphinx originally had been built with the head of a lion, but when the head did suffer from severe erosion it had been re-carved into the head of the reigning pharaoh. This is why the smaller head is out of proportion compared to the rest of the body. The Sphinx was originally meant as a marker for the coming of the age of "Leo" (some 11,000 years ago B.C.) and was mirrored to the corresponding stars that form the constellation of Leo. People knew in these times that the coming age of Leo would bring huge changes for the mankind and the other creatures of the Earth, and that the densification of matter would be so strong that one could only work through the force of matter. All the ancient knowledge from Atlantis and Lemuria had been stored under the Sphinx, from where there is a doorway to a tunnel complex that leads to a very deep and very large repository of information, which Edgar Cayce called the "Hall of Records". (See the chapter: "The Hall of Records".)

According to the readings of the famed American psychic Edgar Cayce, early civilized Egypt was the result of colonization by those who originally came from the civilization of Atlantis and her colonies in specific parts of Europe. Possible evidence for this is the testing of king Tutankhamon's DNA in the year 2010, which showed that his DNA was a 99.6% match with Western European chromosomes. (See: www.eutimes.net.) The Sphinx and the Great Pyramid would have been built in the time frame of 10,500 B.C. (thus before the last ice age), at the time the high priest Ra-Ta led Egypt into a golden age of peace and enlightenment. The face of one called Asriaio, the chief councillor to the ruler in Egypt, was (later?) carved on the Sphinx. (See Edgar Cayce Reading 953-24.) The building of the Great Pyramid took 100 years, from 10,490 BC to 10,390 BC, and was directed and conceived by Ra, where Hermes was the architect and the Isis was the advisor. (This corresponds with the ancient Arabian legends that regarded Saurid (Thoth/Hermes) as being the builder.) The geometry within the structure would contain the spiritual evolution of mankind, with periods of both progression and degression, and was aligned with certain stars.

According to trance clairvoyant Dr. Cottrell, the shafts in the Queen's Chamber once were sighting shafts that would have been used to focus into the heavens itself. At a later time they were closed, but when they were still open they pointed to a certain alignment of astrological influences which, when this alignment would re-occur, would signify the return to that renaissance or that period of understanding, the return of the consciousness of the Law of One. This would be a return of those minds and hearts, through their experiences in Atlantis, that would come to re-open, re-experience, regenerate and rebuild the planet itself. (Source: "Rev. Douglas James Cottrell PhD: The Great Pyramid Queen's Chamber Mystery Shaft", by Rammsteinregeln.)